Papadopoulos N, Kulkarni SS, Baranyi C, Fromm B, Setton EVW, Sharma PP, Wanninger A & Brenneis G. 2025.
BMC Biol 23, 196 (2025). doi.org/10.1186/s12915-025-02276-x Published online 2 July 2025
Abstract
Background
Chelicerate evolution is contentiously debated, with recent studies challenging traditional phylogenetic hypotheses and scenarios of major evolutionary events, like terrestrialization. Sea spiders (Pycnogonida) represent the uncontested marine sister group of all other chelicerates, featuring a—likely plesiomorphic—indirect development. Accordingly, pycnogonids hold the potential to provide crucial insight into the evolution of chelicerate genomes and body patterning. Due to the lack of high-quality genomic and transcriptomic resources, however, this potential remains largely unexplored.
Results
We employ long-read sequencing and proximity ligation data to assemble the first near chromosome-level sea spider genome for Pycnogonum litorale, complemented by comprehensive transcriptomic resources. The assembly has a size of 471 Mb in 57 pseudochromosomes, a repeat content of 61.05%, 15,372 predicted protein-coding genes, and robust completeness scores (95.8% BUSCO Arthropoda score, 95.7% of conserved microRNA families). Genome-scale self-synteny and homeobox gene cluster analysis show no evidence of a whole-genome duplication (WGD). We identify a single, intact Hox cluster lacking Abdominal-A (abdA/Hox9), corroborated by the absence of an abdA ortholog in the novel transcriptomic resources.
Conclusions
Our high-quality genomic and transcriptomic resources establish P. litorale as a key research organism for modern studies on chelicerate genome evolution, development, and phylogeny. The lack of WGD signature in P. litorale further strengthens the inference that WGDs are derived traits in the chelicerate tree. The combination of abdA loss with the reduction of the posterior tagma emerges as a common theme in arthropod evolution, as it is shared with other, distantly related arthropod taxa with a vestigial opisthosoma/abdomen.