Neulinger M, Karolyi F, Colville JF, Widmann ME, Kristl J & Krenn HW. 2025. 
Insects 2025, 16(9), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090985 (registering DOI).
Published online 21 September 2025

Abstract

Monkey beetles (Hopliini, Scarabaeoidea) are a species-rich group of flower-visiting insects that are specialized to feed on floral tissue, pollen and/or nectar. We studied ten South African species, examining morphological features associated with their specific feeding preferences. This is the first attempt in a limited number of beetle species to comparatively investigate both the mouthparts and the alimentary tract in relation to ingested food. Using light microscopy, we found cutting edges on the mandibles and galea teeth in flower tissue-feeding species. Pollen feeders have numerous bristles on the maxillae and a prominent mola on the mandibles that are likely used for gathering and grinding pollen. The elongate heads and mouthparts of the nectar feeders are considered an adaptation that enable these species to mop up nectar while probing flowers. Using µCT imaging and reconstructions of the entire alimentary tract, our morphometric results suggest that food preferences are not related to total relative gut length, although the ratio of foregut to body length was greater in pollen- and nectar-feeding monkey beetles than in floral tissue-feeders. The midgut of females tends to be longer relative to body size compared to males. Our work serves as a basis for generating hypotheses for future research that includes gut morphology in flower-visiting insects.